Batik

Batik


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Indonesian clothing type

Batik is a pictorial cloth that is made specifically by writing or putting the night on the cloth, then processing it in a certain way that has special characteristics. Indonesian Batik, as a whole technique, technology, and development of related motifs and cultures, has been designated by UNESCO as a Humanitarian Heritage for Oral and Nonbendawi Culture (Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity) since October 2, 2009.

Etymology

Etymologically, the word batik comes from the Javanese language, "ambhatik" from the word "amba" means wide, broad, cloth; and "point" means point or "automatic" (verb in Javanese means to make a point) and then develops into the term batik, which means connecting dots into certain images on a wide or wide fabric. Batik also has an understanding of everything that is related to making certain points on Mori cloth. In Javanese, batik is written with "bathik", referring to the Javanese letter "tha" which indicates that batik is a series of dots that make up a particular picture. Batik is very synonymous with a technique (process) from the beginning of the depiction of motifs to punching. One characteristic of batik is the way of depicting motifs on cloth that uses the process of expulsion, which is scratching the night (wax) placed on a container called canting and stamp. According to KRT.DR. HC. Kalinggo Hanggopuro (2002, 1-2) in the Bathik book as Clothing Tatanan and Tuntunan writes that, the previous writers used the term batik which was actually not written with the word "Batik" but should be "Bathik". This refers to the Javanese letter "tha" not "ta" and the physical usage as a series of points is incorrect or said to be wrong.

History of batik techniques

Batik textiles from Niya (Tarim Basin), China.
Fabric carving details worn by Prajnaparamita, a statue from the 13th century East Java. Carved circle patterns are filled with intricate flowers and tendrils of plants that are similar to traditional Javanese batik patterns.
The art of fabric coloring with staining techniques using night or wax is one of the ancient art forms. Discovery in Egypt shows that this technique has been known since the 4th century BC, with the discovery of mummy wrapping cloth which is also coated with the night to form a pattern. In Asia, batik-like techniques were also applied in China during the T'ang Dynasty (618-907) and in India and Japan during the Nara Period (645-794). In Africa, techniques such as batik are known by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, as well as the Soninke and Wolof tribes in Senegal. In Indonesia, batik is believed to have existed since the Majapahit era, and became very popular at the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth century. The resulting batik is all written batik until the beginning of the twentieth century and the new printed batik was known after World War I or around the 1920s.

Although the word "batik" comes from the Javanese language, the presence of batik on Java itself is not recorded. G.P. Rouffaer argued that this batik technique might be introduced from India or Sri Lanka in the 6th or 7th century. On the other hand, J.L.A. Brandes (Dutch archeologist) and F.A. Sutjipto (Indonesian historian) believes that the tradition of batik is native to areas such as Toraja, Flores, Halmahera, and Papua. It should be noted that the area is not an area influenced by Hinduism but is known to have an ancient tradition of making batik.

G.P. Rouffaer also reported that the gringsing pattern had been known since the 12th century in Kediri, East Java. He concluded that a pattern like this could only be formed using a canting device, so he argued that canting was found in Java in the surrounding period. Fabric carving details resembling batik patterns are worn by Prajnaparamita, the goddess statue of Buddhist wisdom from 13th century East Java. The clothing details show the patterns of tendrils of plants and intricate flowers that are similar to traditional Javanese batik patterns that can be found now. This shows that making intricate batik patterns that can only be made with canting has been known in Java since the 13th century or even earlier.

The legend in 17th century Malay literature, Sulalatus Salatin, tells Admiral Hang Nadim who was ordered by Sultan Mahmud to sail to India to get 140 pieces of litter fabric with a pattern of 40 types of flowers on each sheet. Unable to fulfill the order, he made the cloths himself. But unfortunately the ship sank on the way home and was only able to carry four sheets to make the Sultan disappointed. By some interpreters, who? litter was interpreted as batik.

In European literature, this batik technique was first told in the book History of Java (London, 1817) written by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. He was once the Governor of England on Java during Napoleon's occupation of the Netherlands. In 1873 a Dutch merchant Van Rijekevorsel gave a piece of batik which he obtained during a visit to Indonesia to the Ethnic Museum in Rotterdam and that at the beginning of the 19th century batik began to reach its golden age. When exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900, Indonesian batik fascinated the public and artists.

Since industrialization and globalization, which introduced automation techniques, new types of batik emerged, known as stamp batik and printed batik, while traditional batik produced with handwriting techniques using canting and night is called batik. At the same time immigrants from Indonesia to Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia also brought Batik with them.

Now batik has developed in several places outside Java, even abroad. In Indonesia batik has also been developed in Aceh with Aceh batik, Cual Batik in Riau, Papuan Batik, Kalimantan Sasirangan batik, and Minahasa Batik.

Batik culture

Batik is a craft that has high artistic value and has been a part of Indonesian culture (especially Java) for a long time. Javanese women in the past made their skills in batik as a livelihood, so that in the past batik work was the exclusive work of women until the discovery of "Batik Cap" which enabled the entry of men into this field. There are some exceptions to this phenomenon, namely coastal batik which has a masculine line as can be seen in the "Mega Mendung" pattern, where in some coastal areas batik work is common for men.

Batik tradition was originally a hereditary tradition, so sometimes a motive can be identified from a particular family batik. Some batik may indicate the status of a person. Even today, some traditional batik motifs are only used by the families of the Yogyakarta and Surakarta palaces.

Cirebon Batik is patterned with sea creatures

Batik is the ancestral heritage of Indonesia (Java) which until now still exists. Batik was also first introduced to the world by President Soeharto, who at that time used batik at the UN Conference.
Batik is used to wrap the whole body by Bedhoyo Ketawang Dance dancers in the Javanese palace.

Batik style

Various styles and colors of Batik are influenced by various foreign influences. Initially, batik had a variety of colors and colors that were limited, and some patterns could only be worn by certain groups. But coastal batik absorbs various external influences, such as foreign traders and also ultimately, invaders. Bright colors like red were popularized by the Chinese, who also popularized phoenix patterns. European colonists also took an interest in batik, and the result was a pattern of flowers that were previously unknown (such as tulips) and also objects carried by invaders (buildings or horse carriages), including their favorite colors such as blue. Traditional batik retains its style, and is still used in traditional ceremonies, because usually each style has its own symbol.

Ways of making

Originally batik was made on white material made of cotton called Mori cloth. Today batik is also made on other materials such as silk, polyester, rayon and other synthetic materials. Batik motifs are formed with liquid wax using a tool called canting for fine motifs, or brushes for large motifs, so that waxy liquid seeps into the fabric fibers. Fabrics that have been painted with wax are then dyed with the desired color, usually starting with young colors. The dyeing was then carried out for other motifs with an older or darker color. After several coloring processes, the cloth that has been batik is dipped in chemicals to dissolve the wax.

Type of batik

Javanese Batik
A cultural heritage of Indonesian people, especially the Javanese area which was controlled by the Javanese from generation to generation. Javanese batik has different motifs. This difference in motives is common because motifs have meaning, meaning not only an image but contain the meaning they get from their ancestors, namely adherents of animism, dynamism or Hinduism and Buddhism. Javanese batik is widely developed in the Solo area or commonly referred to as Solo batik, Yogyakarta or commonly called Jogja Batik and Pekalongan City or commonly called Batik Pekalongan.

Based on area of ​​origin
Batik Bali
Batik Banyumas
Batik Betawi
Batik Besurek
Batik Madura
Batik Malang
Batik Pekalongan
Batik Tegal (Tegalan)
Batik Solo
Batik Yogyakarta
Batik Tasik
Batik Aceh
Batik Cirebon
Batik Kebumen
Batik Jombang
Batik Banten
Batik Tulungagung
Batik Kediri
Batik Kudus
Batik Jepara / Batik Kartini
Batik Brebes
Batik Minangkabau
Batik Minahasa
Batik Belanda
Batik Jepang

Based on style

Batik Kraton
Batik Sudagaran
Batik Cuwiri
Batik Petani
Batik Tambal
Batik Sida Mukti
Batik Sekar Jagad
Batik Pringgondani
Batik Kawung
Batik Sida Luhur
Batik Sida Asih
Batik Semen Rama
Batik Jlamprang

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Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik?wprov=sfla1